INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

 The word COMPUTER comes from the word "compute" which means  'calculate'.

Q,What is computer?

          A COMPUTER can be defined as an electronic data processing system designed to accept and store input data, process them and  produce output results  ( information ) under the direction of detailed step by step instructions. .

• DATA :

The basic facts and entities such as names and numbers given to the computer is called  DATA

• INFORMATION:

Information is data which has been converted into meaningful results.In other words , the processed data is called Information .

• PROGRAM:

The set of information given to the computer called a Program.

• HARDWARE :

The components which are seen and touched is called hardware.

• SOFTWARE

Software is defined the sets of instructions stored as programs.

Lamborghini Sesto Elemento

The world expected Lamborghini to unveil its Murciélago replacementat this year’s Paris auto show—production of the wildest bull has already ended—but the supercar maker chose instead to tease us with this concept, saving its new flagship for next March’s Geneva auto show. Ah, you must now be thinking, so this smaller car previews a Gallardo replacement! Nope, it’s not that either.What, then, is the Sesto Elemento? Let's have a look at the exterior first. Despite the mid-engine layout, this concept seems compact, with a very short rear overhang. Wedgy shapes are typical for Lamborghini, but this car is even more extreme than the super-angular Reventón, the ultra-low-volume Murciélago spinoff from a few years ago. A plethora of spoilers, air vents, and triangular elements protrude from or perforate its body. There is a racing-type quick-refueling system. The rear end is open, to give spectators a clear view of the transmission and the exhaust system, the latter of which, remarkably, exits through the engine cover above the taillights.

The front end and roof are marked by sharp, seemingly folded creases, and the rear part of the roof is graced by two intake ducts and two parallel lines of five holes arranged above the cylinder banks. Below the ten openings sits, obviously, a V-10. The hexagonal shape of these elements is a nod to an obsession of former Bertone designer Marcello Gandini, who penned the Miura and Countach.

Seems Familiar and Futuristic

Despite an overt familiarity to its shape, the Sesto Elemento is nevertheless detached from the brand's current styling language. The wild details turn it into something you’d expect only in a video game, or in some crazy tuner's showroom, but not quite from Lamborghini, not after the brand has been working hard to overcome the styling clichés of its past. In fact, we hear there was a considerable amount of discussion within Lamborghini and at parent Audi about showing such an extreme concept car. In the end, the view prevailed that it wouldn't hurt to deviate a bit from the production models' somewhat aloof and architectonic proportions and design—traits that will apply to that Murciélago replacement, by the way.

Wicked Quick

Combine the low weight with the V-10’s 570 hp at 8000 rpm—torque stands at 398 lb-ft at 6500 rpm—and performance should be explosive; Lamborghini says the car is capable of reaching 62 mph in 2.5 seconds. Top speed—only mentioned, says Lambo, "in the interests of completeness,” as top speed has been downgraded to the fourth-highest priority for its products—is said to be “well over 185 mph.” We suspect this modesty belies a terminal velocity north of 200 mph.

Foreshadows Future LambosThe use of carbon fiber extends beyond exterior panels: The passenger-holding monocoque, front subframe, crumple zones, and wheels are made of the material as well. The rear subframe, by contrast, is made of aluminum. Most anything else has simply been omitted. There is no dashtop—the underlying structure itself is laid bare—and the seat cushions are glued to the monocoque. One element we wish had been included is a clutch pedal. The Sesto Elemento is equipped with the e-gear six-speed automated manual transmission; power runs through it to Lambo’s all-wheel-drive system.

If the sinister design won’t redefine Lamborghini styling, the Sesto Elemento is nevertheless significant as a rolling testament to the brand’s commitment to carbon fiber; all future Lambos will make extensive use of the stuff. AWD systems and heavy, ten- and twelve-cylinder engines take their toll on curb weights, and eliminating hundreds of pounds through the use of carbon fiber will give Lamborghini a potent weapon in the fight to create the most extreme supercars.

It's good politically for the brand within the VW Group, too. With its sales numbers taking a dive, Lamborghini needs another leg to stand on, and carbon-fiber expertise will for the first time make the raging bull a technology leader among VW’s brands. Lamborghini is working with the University of Washington in Seattle to develop its carbon-fiber tech, and aircraft maker Boeing is a partner in the university's Lamborghini Advanced Composite Structures Laboratory, too.

Yes, we were hoping to see the next Murciélago, but we’ll admit the Sesto Elemento is one hell of a substitute, and it further raises our expectations for the next production Lambo. This thing is so over the top, it’s almost too much—just as any proper Lamborghini should be

You can have Apple iPhone 5s, I'll take HTC One M8

Many new smartphone shoppers will compare the HTC One M8 and Samsung Galaxy S5, which are about the same size, offer similar high-end features, run Android (with customized user interfaces), and arrived in U.S. retail stores within days of one another. 

But since I move from iPhone 5s to what henceforth will be referred to as The One, the two devices are uniquely attractive, and both pack bleeding-edge cameras, my comparison is more Apple to oranges. If iPhone 5s is high up your shopping list don't buy without first considering The One. It's my choice, although granted it might not be best for you.

I moved from the original One, the M7, to the 5s a few months ago. You might laugh at the reason. I find that my daughter, who shuns Androids for Apples, is more likely to text message when we both use iPhones. She is away at college. But the 5s, like iPhone 5, immediately disappointed for phone calling. Reception tends to breakup in my neighborhood on both devices, using AT&T or T-Mobile. Calling is superior and adequate on either One, and even better on the Moto X. The One illuminates the Apple's inadequacies, which simply are unacceptable coming from the company that popularized touchscreen smartphones.

Innovation Invitation

While rumors abound about iPhone 6 and Apple plans for a bigger-screen model, the here and now is the measure that matters -- what we know to be true rather than what someone conjectures. By that measure, Nokia is metaphor for Apple. In 2007, iPhone sideswiped Nokia, which couldn’t quickly adapt to design ethics around the touchscreen and sensors -- attributes that humanized the cell phone. For the Finnish handset maker, the keyboard and success selling feature phones hobbled early efforts with touchscreens.

The newest iPhones demonstrate that Apple, like Nokia during late-last decade, can’t break free from older design ethics. Innovation -- a word long applied to Apple -- defines the newest Androids. iPhone 5s is more refined than the previous three versions but the core concepts are largely the same.

The fruit-logo company fixates on touch, while competitors transcend it, by advancing touchless interaction and emphasizing benefits that change with contextual usage. Apple pursues path to design disgrace, unable to rise above the Android Army, which storms the fruit orchards much like iPhone did BlackBerry, Nokia, and Sony-Ericsson (now just Sony), starting seven years ago. Apple brought fundamentally fresh design concepts to smartphones. Competitors stood still, while the upstart marched forward.

Now they rush ahead. During 2013, Android share, as measured by actual device sales, rose to 78.4 percent from 66.4 percent a year earlier, according to Gartner. Meanwhile, iOS share fell to 15.6 percent frpm 19.1 percent.

Apple's saving grace: Androids are more likely to compete with one another than iPhone, much as different Windows PCs did when pitted against the Mac during the personal computing era. Nevertheless, innovation appropriately describes the HTC One M8, Motorola Moto X, Samsung Galaxy S5, or Sony Xperia Z2. Three months using iPhone 5s as my cell phone, I say "also-ran" more appropriately describes Apple and CEO Tim Cook's quarterly conference-call promise of something great soon comes.

One, Two, Three

HTC delivers what, by reputation, Apple should: A truly compelling smartphone rife with useful, contextual benefits. The One clearly is a labor of love. The design craftsmanship is sublime and attention to detail reminds of Apple products released during Steve Jobs' strict stewardship. Like its predecessor, The One is the best smartphone I have ever used. The handset is a joy to behold and to use.

But, unlike last year's model, "best" isn't perfection. The One is huge for its screen-size class, an attribute sure to put off some buyers. During my first few days using the phone, I perpetually thought: "It's too big". A week later, when picking up iPhone 5s, perceptions changed: "It's too small". The entire length of iPhone 5s is about the same as the length of the HTC smartphone's screen. Right, just the display. The One measures 146.36 x 70.6 x 9.35 mm compared to the Apple's 123.8 x 58.6 x 7.6 mm.

Another imperfection: The aluminum enclosure is more finely crafted and sealed than the M7 -- to a fault. The back is super smooth and there are few ridges around the sides to grab against fingers. The One is slippery, as a result. I've dropped it a foot onto my desk and nearly fumbled a half-dozen other times. For the record, I don't encase my mobiles and have neverdropped or broken a phone or worried about doing so until The One.

These imperfections set against those iPhone 5s carries: Calling problems in areas of weak signals (failing that goes back to iPhone 4); data throughput issues (again, in areas of weak signals); non-HD display; small screen for cost class; and proprietary power and data connector, among others.

Some attributes shared in common: Superior attention to detail in design; largely aluminum enclosures; fluidly-fast responsiveness; remarkably good cameras and supporting editing features; and long-lasting battery life for each's size and cost class.

HTC One M8 specs: 5-inch display with 1920 x 1080 resolution and 441 pixels per inch; 2.3GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 801 quad-core processor; 2GB RAM; 16GB or 32GB storage (depending on model), expandable with microSD card to 128GB; 4-megapixel duo-lens camera (2.0µ pixels sensor and f/2 aperture); 5MP front-facing camera; 1080p video recording; 4G, LTE; WiFi AC; GPS + GLONASS; Bluetooth 4; NFC; DLNA; ambient-light and proximity sensors; accelerometer; barometer; digital compass; FM radio; gyroscope; 2600 mAh fixed battery; Android 4.4 KitKat with HTC Sense 6. Weighs 160 grams.

Apple iPhone 5s specs: 4-inch display with 1136 x 640 resolution, 326 ppi; Apple A7 64-bit processor; 1GB RAM; 16GB, 32GB, or 64GB storage (depending on model); 8MP rear-facing camera (1.5µ pixels sensor and f/2.2 aperture); 1.2MP front-facing camera; 1080p video recording; 4G, LTE; ambient-light, fingerprint, and proximity sensors; accelerometer; digital compass; gyroscope; GPS + GLONASS; Bluetooth 4; WiFi N; 1570 mAh fixed battery; iOS 7. Weighs 112 grams.

Stacking the basic specs up one, two, three: The One packs more memory, higher-resolution display, expandable storage, faster WiFi, superior "selfie" camera, better camera controls, and FM radio. iPhone 5s is more suitable for one-handed operation (like texting and driving, ugh), provides 64-bit processing (for the few supported apps), and unlocks by finger touch.

Digital Lifestyle

Choosing any phone is about you, not what another person -- whether professional reviewer or someone whom you know -- recommends. Smartphones are hugely personal and contextual devices that connect you to things that truly matter. Your mobile is a lifestyle decision. Each of these two mobiles could fit your digital lifestyle, depending on what attributes are more important. Certainly operating system and cloud connectedness are considerations. For many Mac users, iPhone will fit better, although Google's lifestyle apps -- from Google+ to Maps to YouTube and more -- are best of cloud class on iOS. Let's compare some lifestyle attributes among iPhone 5s and The One.

Personal style. Do you want to be seen holding a boxy, ugly mobile or one that commands attention? Carrying a handsome device is a lifestyle decision. How the phone looks says something about you. For some people, appearance doesn't matter; for many others it's all that matters. As previously stated, these are both handsome handsets, with striking fit and finish. Both feel solid in the hand because of their aluminum enclosures, giving them a ruggedness that is uncharacteristic of a market so dominated by plastic.

Both phones look so good, size is bigger design decision differentiator. The Apple is easier handled and looks less gawky held to the face. The HTC provides overall better content experience -- everything from taking photos to texting to watching videos, among other activities. Size matters in other ways, if like me you move from iPhone to The One. For the first few days after switching, I suddenly could no longer type text messages or much anything else. My muscle memory was attuned to a smaller display, and the move from 4-inch to 5-inch screen changed everything. HTC provides more generous space between keys, taking advantage of the extra screen real estate.

If you like to truly personalize your mobile, Android trumps iOS customization by many measures. Meanwhile, HTC makes KitKat sweeter with Sense 6. The user interface is more refined than its predecessor. Subtle changes to attributes like fonts make the overall experience more pleasing than Sense 5. Hehe, The One has more sensethan its predecessor and makes stock Android unobtrusively more usable.

There's customization you want and that which is imposed on you. Apple prevents cellular carriers from loading crapware on iPhones. HTC doesn't. I assume T-Mobile's variant is typical. Like its predecessor, The One comes with loads of storage-sucking software you may never want or need. I should feel good about the anti-malware, but complaining is my nature. That said, I can discern no performance penalty imposed by the crapware.

Something else: Popups are (cough, cough) everywhere. My God, did HTC hire a Windows Vista UI designer? The One delivers, at least on the T-Mobile variant, scads of annoying (but presumably helpful) pop-up tips. While they diminish with time and usage, the popups are sure to shock some users.

Strangely, The One is otherwise so charming, so delightful, so enjoyable, these annoyances are quickly ignored. Whereas iPhone 5s annoyances mount up over time and aren't as easily dismissed. The aforementioned calling and data problems, both symptomatic of antenna design decisions going back four device generations, irk with prolonged use. The screen feels too small when every other major device has one that's so much bigger. Then there is the sameness -- how little iPhone changes over time, how little Apple lets you personalize the experience, or how limited are contextual sharing options (Facebook, iCloud, and Twitter) for meaningful content like photos or weblinks.

Sharing and social are baked into Android and extenuated by a single The One feature. BlinkFeed, which HTC describes as "your world in one screen", is a catch-all news, social, and weather app/UI. I absolutely love it. Nothing on iOS compares. 

Performance style. Both smartphones are worthy performers that are plenty responsive. But The One feels faster and better multitasks than iPhone 5s, despite the on-paper advantages of the 64-bit chip. That's more about software than hardware and what Google and HTC will let you do that Apple won't.

The One's battery life is exceptional, easily outclassing iPhone 5s, which is no slouch. The HTC benefits from larger-capacity battery, Snapdragon processor, and other refinements that give surprising life lift compared to the M7. I easily get a full day's charge -- as in 24 hours -- even with heavy use. I can say something similar for iPhone 5s, but Apple limits multitasking and makes other usage compromises to eek the current. I get fuller, more meaningful usage from The One, over the same time period.

That said, I haven't given The One proper camera vetting at an event like San Diego Comic-Con, where the handset would be my only shooter and photos and videos would upload to the web in real time. In such setting, the only worthy performer lasts eight hours of continuous use. iPhone 5s fails that test, but so does nearly every other mobile.

Apple's mobile can't compete consuming content. The HTC's screen is gorgeous, from virtually any viewing angle, with superb contrast and color accuracy -- and it's bright. HD viewing and superior pixel density outclass iPhone 5s, which surest shortcoming is the tincan audio. The One's size is as much about the front-facing speakers that frame the screen and deliver rich, satisfying sound. Whether watching a movie or listening to music, The One bangs where iPhone 5s pops. Sit and share with friend, family member, or lover. There's intimacy you will cherish.

Something else: Cellular carriers often stand between Google and its OEM partners and new features. Users typically must wait around for the newest but belatedly-delivered Android to get them. No longer. HTC now offers key apps separately via Google Play, which means updates delivered apart from the main OS. These include BlinkFeed, Dot View, Gallery, Sense TV, and Zoe. Hehe, there's even a Service Pack app that sidesteps carrier control. Well done! Between Google and HTC, which make available core benefits through apps, carrier-imposed fragmentation disappears -- at worst leveling the update playing field with iOS and at best beating it.

Photo style. I made my final phone choice, and quite possibly you will, too, based on the cameras. Apple and HTC offer two of the best smartphone shooters anywhere. You won't be disappointed by either, but you'll get more bang from one than the other.

Several attributes distinguish both devices.

For example, more megapixels usually mean more trouble, when, as the case usually is with smartphones, the sensor's physical size stays the same. Artifacts appear in images, which lose clarity and suffer other problems, depending on other factors and software's capacity to compensate. Apple and HTC opt for larger but fewer number of pixels, which improve image quality across most shooting scenarios but particularly in low-light situations. That's 2 micron pixels for The One and 1.5 micron pixels for iPhone 5s. More typical: 1.1 micron pixels, like Galaxy S5's 16MP shooter.

Something else really matters: The shooting software and its predefined post-processing priorities. When moving from the Samsung Galaxy Nexus, with the 5MP camera to the LG-made Nexus 4, I expected the 8MP shooter to take better photos. But the Samsung consistently produced better images, particularly indoors, despite lower megapixels. Galaxy Nexus made more intelligent and appropriate decisions about automatic settings. Some of the biggest differences between iPhone 5s and The One come down to priorities set during shooting and afterwards. In the two comparisons below, which photos do you prefer? Take a look, decide, and read below them to see which phone is the shooter.

Google's 'Project Tango' Smartphone Uses Apple's PrimeSense Technology

Earlier this year, Google unveiled "Project Tango," an experimental smartphone that incorporates 3D sensors to allow users to map indoor and outdoor environments.

Reports suggested that the smartphone's 3D capabilities were powered by the Movidius Myriad 1 3D-sensing chip, but as it turns out, Project Tango is also powered by Apple technology. Alongside two Myriad 1 vision co-processors, Project Tango utilizes a PrimeSense Capri PS1200 3D imaging system-on-a-chip [PDF], technology that Apple acquired when it purchased PrimeSense late last year.


The unexpected PrimeSense chip was discovered in a teardown of the Project Tango smartphone by iFixit that was posted this morning.

This appears to be PrimeSense's new Capri PS1200 SoC 3D imaging chip, unexpected for a couple of reasons:

Just last year, Apple bought PrimeSense, manufacturer of the Kinect's 3D vision hardware. Speculators assumed we would be seeing this hot new hardware in an upcoming iOS device, with intent of mapping 3D spaces. Looks like Tango beat Apple to the punch with their own tech?

Google's Project Tango smartphone is one of the first mobile devices to use the diminutive Capri 3D sensor and it offers a glimpse at what Apple could possibly do with the technology in the future.

Project Tango is essentially a mapping tool, capturing the world around each user to provide directions, dimensions, and environmental maps. Google also has plans to use the technology to create immersive augmented reality games and apps that merge the digital world with the real world.

According to iFixit, Project Tango works very similarly to the original Microsoft Kinect, which also used technology developed by PrimeSense. Tango displays a bright grid of dots that are captured by IR sensors to build a depth map.


Along with the Capri 3D chip and the Myriad vision co-processors, Project Tango incorporates four separate cameras to capture its environment. Amazon is said to beworking on a similar device that incorporates multiple cameras for 3D mapping and with Google and Amazon both working on 3D projects, it is reasonable to assume that Apple is also experimenting with the technology.

There have been no hints that Apple intends to incorporate PrimeSense technology in the upcoming iPhone 6, but motion control capabilities similar to the Kinect have been rumored for the next-generation Apple TV set-top box, so the first Apple device to use PrimeSense technology may very well be the Apple TV. Project Tango proves that PrimeSense's 3D chips are ready for mobile devices and it is likely that the company is continuing development on its Capri chips, improving the technology for possible inclusion in future iPads and iPhones.

PDT by Juli Clover courtesy http://www.macrumors.com

Google Camera App for Android Devices is Here

This camera is really cool. Although Google's Nexus smart phones do not come on top of your mind 
when you think of buying one, this all new camera app may force you to reconsider your plan.

Called Google Camera, the new app has cool features and makes it easier for you to click quick, easy photos.

One great addition is the Lens Blur mode.

With Lens Blur, you can play around with the blur intensity for the background or foreground.

The images shot with Google’s Lens Blur looks a lot more striking due to this fact.

Available on Play Store, the camera app is for all Android devices.

The capture button is ‘extra large’, according to information on Google website.

The app comes with all the regular features like the HDR mode, panorama mode and photosphere, etc.

Tiny Robots to Help you Perform Daily Chores

Soon, tiny robots would be performing tasks such as measuring pollution, extinguishing fire and delivering medicines into the body in a non-invasive way.

Engineers have developed a way of making hundreds of tiny robots cluster to carry out tasks without using any memory or processing power.

The work paves the way for robot 'swarms' to be used in, for example, the agricultural industry where precision-farming methods could benefit from the use of large numbers of very simple and cheap robots.

“In a real world scenario, this could involve monitoring the levels of pollution in the environment; we could also see them being used to perform tasks in areas where it would be hazardous for humans to go,” said Roderich Gross from the Sheffield Centre for Robotics (SCentRo) of University of Sheffield.

The researchers have programmed extremely simple robots that are able to form a dense cluster without the need for complex computation.

A group of 40 robots has been programmed to perform the clustering task and the researchers have shown, using computer simulations, that this could be expanded to include thousands of robots.

Each robot uses just one sensor that tells them whether or not they can 'see' another robot in front of them.

Based on whether or not they can see another robot, they will either rotate on the spot, or move around in a circle until they can see one.

In this way they are able to gradually form and maintain a cluster formation.

The Sheffield system also shows that even if the information perceived by the robots gets partially corrupted, the majority of them will still be able to work together to complete the task.

“Because they are so simple, we could also imagine these robots being used at the micron-scale, for example in healthcare technologies, where they could travel through the human vascular network to offer diagnosis or treatment in a non-invasive way," Gross added.

The work was published in the International Journal of Robotics Research.

Skype moving

The popular video-calling service that is the domain of computer-to-computer chatters and smart phone users, is setting its sights on the more ubiquitous home TV platform. New web-connected televisions from Panasonic and Samsung now arrive with the Skype software loaded. Add a webcam and prepare to make high-definition video calls from the sofa. 

The Skype service works only on Panasonic Viera Cast sets and the Samsung 7000 and 8000 series TVs.?The TV-compatible webcams aren’t included, however.

For Panasonic models, the $170 Communication Camera TY-CC10W displays video in 720p high definition. Samsung TV owners can buy the $150 Freetalk webcam but they will have to settle for VGA (640 by 480) video resolution.

Both models have four built-in microphones that provide enhanced directional sound. And they can pick up voices up to 12 feet or so, which means users won’t have to crowd around the TV to make calls.?Skype is marketing the TV-enabled webcams primarily as a communications service for far-flung family members, typically older users who may be intimidated by computers.

But the set-up requires broadband Internet service, as well as a sophisticated TV and webcam.